簡單來說:電機中固定的部分叫做定子（stator）,在其上面裝設了成對的直流勵磁的靜止的主磁極;而旋轉部分(轉子-rotor）叫電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)鐵心,在上面(mian)要裝(zhuang)設(she)電(dian)樞(shu)(shu)繞組(zu),通電(dian)后(hou)產生感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)動勢,充當旋轉磁(ci)場.后(hou)產生電(dian)磁(ci)轉矩(ju)進行能量轉換.以定子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)的形狀(zhuang)與嵌裝(zhuang)方(fang)式(shi)區分(fen)，定子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)根據(ju)線(xian)圈繞制(zhi)的形狀(zhuang)與嵌裝(zhuang)布(bu)線(xian)方(fang)式(shi)不同，可分(fen)為(wei)集中式(shi)和(he)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)兩(liang)類。

集中式繞組

       集中式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)應(ying)用(yong)于凸(tu)極式(shi)(shi)定子，通常繞(rao)制(zhi)成矩形(xing)線圈(quan)，經紗(sha)帶包(bao)扎定型，再經浸漆烘干(gan)處理后，嵌(qian)裝(zhuang)在凸(tu)形(xing)磁極的(de)鐵心上。一般(ban)換向器式(shi)(shi)電動(dong)機(ji)(包(bao)括直流電機(ji)和通用(yong)電動(dong)機(ji))的(de)激(ji)磁線圈(quan)以及單相罩極式(shi)(shi)凸(tu)極電動(dong)機(ji)的(de)主(zhu)極繞(rao)組(zu)都采用(yong)集中式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)。

       集中(zhong)式繞組(zu)通(tong)常每極有(you)一只線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，但也有(you)采(cai)用庶極(隱極)形(xing)式的(de)，如框架式罩極電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機就是用一只線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)形(xing)成兩極的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機。

分布式繞組

       分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)繞組(zu)的(de)電動機定子沒有凸形(xing)極(ji)(ji)掌，每個(ge)磁極(ji)(ji)由一個(ge)或幾個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)按照一定的(de)規律嵌裝(zhuang)布(bu)線(xian)組(zu)成線(xian)圈(quan)組(zu)，通電后形(xing)成不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)極(ji)(ji)性的(de)磁極(ji)(ji)，故(gu)也(ye)稱隱極(ji)(ji)式(shi)(shi)。根據嵌裝(zhuang)布(bu)線(xian)排列形(xing)式(shi)(shi)的(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)繞組(zu)又可分為同(tong)(tong)心式(shi)(shi)和疊式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)類。

       (1)同(tong)心(xin)(xin)式繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu) 同(tong)心(xin)(xin)式繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)是由幾個(ge)形(xing)狀(zhuang)相(xiang)似但大小不同(tong)的線(xian)(xian)圈，按同(tong)一中心(xin)(xin)位(wei)置嵌裝成(cheng)回字(zi)形(xing)狀(zhuang)的線(xian)(xian)圈組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。同(tong)心(xin)(xin)繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)可根(gen)據不同(tong)的布線(xian)(xian)方式而構成(cheng)雙平(ping)面(mian)或三平(ping)面(mian)繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。一般單相(xiang)電(dian)動(dong)機及部分小功(gong)率或大跨距線(xian)(xian)圈的三相(xiang)異(yi)步電(dian)動(dong)機的定子繞組(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)采用這(zhe)種型式。

        (2)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)一般是由形狀(zhuang)、大(da)小相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，分別以每槽嵌裝1個(ge)(ge)或(huo)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊，并(bing)在槽外(wai)端部逐(zhu)個(ge)(ge)相(xiang)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)均勻(yun)分布(bu)的(de)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)又(you)分單(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)種。每槽只嵌入一個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊的(de)為單(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，或(huo)稱(cheng)單(dan)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)；每槽嵌入兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)屬不同(tong)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)組(zu)的(de)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊時是分置(zhi)于槽中上、下層(ceng)，為雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，或(huo)稱(cheng)雙疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)。根據嵌裝布(bu)線(xian)(xian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)變化不同(tong)，疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)又(you)可派(pai)生出交叉式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、同(tong)心(xin)交叉式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以及單(dan)雙層(ceng)混(hun)合式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)型(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。目前，一般功率(lv)較大(da)的(de)三相(xiang)異步(bu)電動機定(ding)子繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)較多采(cai)用雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；而(er)小電機則多用單(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)中的(de)派(pai)生型(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但極少采(cai)用單(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)。

轉子繞組

       交流(liu)(liu)異(yi)步電(dian)動機的(de)轉子繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組分(fen)鼠(shu)(shu)籠(long)型與(yu)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)型兩類。鼠(shu)(shu)籠(long)型結構(gou)較為簡單(dan)，一般由(you)合金(jin)鋁澆(jiao)注人轉子鐵(tie)心(xin)槽內并(bing)(bing)由(you)兩端(duan)端(duan)環短接(jie)而成(cheng)；也(ye)有(you)用銅條嵌(qian)入再焊上(shang)銅質端(duan)環的(de)。為了改(gai)善起動性能(neng)，鼠(shu)(shu)籠(long)型又可制成(cheng)深槽式及(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)鼠(shu)(shu)籠(long)等特殊型式。繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線(xian)(xian)型轉子繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組與(yu)定子繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，它(ta)除可用上(shang)述各式繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組外，還可用波形繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組。波形繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組是由(you)單(dan)匝或(huo)幾匝的(de)桿形單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)(xian)圈，嵌(qian)裝后由(you)兩個元(yuan)(yuan)件在端(duan)部焊接(jie)成(cheng)一只線(xian)(xian)圈，并(bing)(bing)形成(cheng)整個繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組，其布(bu)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)原(yuan)理與(yu)上(shang)述繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組不同(tong)(tong)，但外形與(yu)雙(shuang)(shuang)層疊繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組相(xiang)(xiang)似。波形繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組常應用于大型的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動機轉子繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組及(ji)(ji)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動機的(de)電(dian)樞繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組。

       定子(zi)繞組不同的接線形式(shi)可以(yi)形成(cheng)不同的極(ji)(ji)性，電動機根據其極(ji)(ji)性關系，可分為顯極(ji)(ji)式(shi)與庶極(ji)(ji)式(shi)兩種類型。

1．顯極式繞組

      一臺具有四個(ge)凸(tu)(tu)極(ji)的電(dian)動機定子，它的每只線圈形成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)磁(ci)極(ji)；而且相(xiang)鄰兩(liang)(liang)只線圈所(suo)形成(cheng)(cheng)的極(ji)性不同；在(zai)四個(ge)凸(tu)(tu)極(ji)上(shang)就形成(cheng)(cheng)了四個(ge)磁(ci)極(ji)。所(suo)以，在(zai)顯極(ji)式(shi)繞組(zu)中，每組(zu)線圈形成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)磁(ci)極(ji)，即繞組(zu)的線圈組(zu)數與磁(ci)極(ji)數相(xiang)等。此外，為(wei)使相(xiang)鄰磁(ci)極(ji)能呈N、s極(ji)性成(cheng)(cheng)對存在(zai)，則必(bi)須(xu)使相(xiang)鄰兩(liang)(liang)組(zu)線圈里的電(dian)流方向相(xiang)反(fan)。因此相(xiang)鄰兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)線圈組(zu)的連接方式(shi)必(bi)須(xu)是反(fan)接串聯，也就是電(dian)工術語稱之為(wei)“頭接頭”、“尾(wei)接尾(wei)”。

實際上，除(chu)直流電機(ji)及(ji)單(dan)相凸極(ji)式罩極(ji)電動機(ji)外，一般定子都沒有凸出的極(ji)掌。本圖(tu)是為了較形象地說明問題(ti)而(er)采用(yong)示意(yi)的畫法(fa)。

2．庶極式繞組

     圖2—2是一臺庶極(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)四極(ji)(ji)(ji)繞(rao)組定(ding)子的(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)示意圖。由圖可見，相(xiang)鄰兩組線圈的(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性是相(xiang)同的(de)(de)，都是s極(ji)(ji)(ji)，由于(yu)同極(ji)(ji)(ji)性相(xiang)斥的(de)(de)原理，使(shi)線圈形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)經(jing)相(xiang)鄰凸(tu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)返回構成(cheng)閉合磁(ci)(ci)路；從而(er)使(shi)沒(mei)有線圈的(de)(de)凸(tu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上產生異極(ji)(ji)(ji)性N磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。所(suo)以，在(zai)庶極(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)繞(rao)組中，每個(ge)線圈組將形(xing)成(cheng)一對磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，每相(xiang)繞(rao)組的(de)(de)線圈組數為(wei)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)數的(de)(de)一半。  

      在庶(shu)極式繞組中，因(yin)為每組線圈(quan)(quan)所產生(sheng)的磁極極性(xing)都相同，因(yin)而所有線圈(quan)(quan)里的電流方向都相同，即(ji)相鄰兩個線圈(quan)(quan)組是順接串(chuan)聯，如(ru)圖(b)所示。這種接線方式便是電工俗稱的“首(shou)尾相接”，即(ji)“尾接頭”連(lian)接。

      電機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)是(shi)(shi)由線(xian)(xian)圈組(zu)構(gou)成(cheng)一相或整個(ge)(ge)電磁電路(lu)的(de)組(zu)合體；而(er)線(xian)(xian)圈組(zu)則由一個(ge)(ge)或多個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)圈順(shun)接串聯而(er)成(cheng)。因(yin)此線(xian)(xian)圈是(shi)(shi)電動(dong)機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)基本元件，也是(shi)(shi)以絕緣導線(xian)(xian)(圓(yuan)形或矩形截面導線(xian)(xian))按一定形狀繞(rao)制而(er)成(cheng)。線(xian)(xian)圈可以是(shi)(shi)一匝，也可由數(shu)百(bai)上千匝繞(rao)成(cheng)，其匝數(shu)的(de)多少主(zhu)要取決于電源電壓和電動(dong)機(ji)電磁部分的(de)參數(shu)，并(bing)由計(ji)算(suan)確(que)定。

      電(dian)動(dong)機線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的形狀(zhuang)有(you)多種，但其基本結構(gou)由三部(bu)分組(zu)成，即嵌入鐵(tie)心槽內的直(zhi)線(xian)部(bu)分稱(cheng)有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)，而(er)一只線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)有(you)兩個有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)，是產生電(dian)磁能量(liang)轉(zhuan)換的有(you)效(xiao)部(bu)分；連(lian)接兩有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)的部(bu)分，在線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)嵌裝(zhuang)后(hou)處于鐵(tie)心兩端槽外，稱(cheng)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)端部(bu)，它是線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)構(gou)成必不(bu)(bu)可少的部(bu)分，但不(bu)(bu)能作能量(liang)轉(zhuan)換；引線(xian)是線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)繞制后(hou)的首、尾(wei)線(xian)頭，也是引接線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)電(dian)流的連(lian)接點(dian)。

      集中式繞(rao)組的(de)(de)繞(rao)制和嵌裝比較簡單(dan)，但(dan)效(xiao)率較低(di)，運行性能也(ye)差。目(mu)前的(de)(de)交流電動機定子絕大部分都是應(ying)用分布式繞(rao)組，根(gen)據不同(tong)(tong)機種、型號及線圈嵌繞(rao)的(de)(de)工藝條件，電動機各自設計采用不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)繞(rao)組型式和規格，故其繞(rao)組的(de)(de)技術參數也(ye)不相同(tong)(tong)。