簡單來說:電機中固定的部分叫做定子（stator）,在其上面裝設了成對的直流勵磁的靜止的主磁極;而旋轉部分(轉子-rotor）叫(jiao)電(dian)樞鐵心,在上面要裝設電(dian)樞繞(rao)組(zu),通電(dian)后產生感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)勢(shi),充當旋轉磁(ci)場.后產生電(dian)磁(ci)轉矩進行(xing)能量(liang)轉換.以定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)的形(xing)(xing)狀與嵌(qian)裝方式區(qu)分(fen)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)根據線圈繞(rao)制的形(xing)(xing)狀與嵌(qian)裝布線方式不(bu)同，可分(fen)為集(ji)中式和分(fen)布式兩類。

集中式繞組

       集(ji)中式繞組(zu)應用(yong)于凸極(ji)式定子(zi)，通常繞制(zhi)成矩(ju)形(xing)線圈，經(jing)紗(sha)帶包(bao)扎定型，再經(jing)浸漆烘(hong)干(gan)處理(li)后，嵌(qian)裝在凸形(xing)磁極(ji)的鐵心上(shang)。一般(ban)換向器式電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(包(bao)括(kuo)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)通用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji))的激磁線圈以(yi)及單相罩極(ji)式凸極(ji)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的主(zhu)極(ji)繞組(zu)都采用(yong)集(ji)中式繞組(zu)。

       集中式繞組(zu)通常每(mei)極有一只線圈(quan)，但也有采用庶極(隱極)形式的，如框架式罩極電動機就是用一只線圈(quan)形成兩極的電動機。

分布式繞組

       分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)繞組的(de)電動機定子沒有凸形(xing)(xing)極掌，每(mei)個(ge)磁(ci)極由(you)一(yi)個(ge)或幾個(ge)線圈(quan)按照一(yi)定的(de)規律嵌(qian)(qian)裝布(bu)(bu)線組成(cheng)線圈(quan)組，通(tong)電后形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)不同(tong)極性(xing)的(de)磁(ci)極，故也(ye)稱(cheng)隱(yin)極式(shi)。根據嵌(qian)(qian)裝布(bu)(bu)線排列形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)不同(tong)，分布(bu)(bu)式(shi)繞組又可分為同(tong)心式(shi)和疊式(shi)兩類。

       (1)同(tong)(tong)心(xin)式繞(rao)組(zu)(zu) 同(tong)(tong)心(xin)式繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)是由幾個形狀(zhuang)相(xiang)似(si)但大小不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)，按同(tong)(tong)一中心(xin)位置嵌裝成回字形狀(zhuang)的(de)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)。同(tong)(tong)心(xin)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)可根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)布(bu)線(xian)方式而(er)構成雙平面或三平面繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)。一般單相(xiang)電動機及部分小功率或大跨距線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)三相(xiang)異步電動機的(de)定子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)采用這(zhe)種型式。

        (2)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)一般是由形(xing)狀、大(da)小相同(tong)(tong)的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)，分(fen)(fen)別以每(mei)槽嵌(qian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)1個(ge)(ge)或(huo)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊，并在(zai)槽外(wai)端部逐個(ge)(ge)相疊(die)(die)(die)(die)均勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)又分(fen)(fen)單(dan)(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)和雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)種。每(mei)槽只嵌(qian)入(ru)一個(ge)(ge)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊的(de)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，或(huo)稱單(dan)(dan)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)；每(mei)槽嵌(qian)入(ru)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)屬不同(tong)(tong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)邊時是分(fen)(fen)置于槽中(zhong)上、下層(ceng)，為(wei)(wei)雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，或(huo)稱雙疊(die)(die)(die)(die)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)。根據嵌(qian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)布線(xian)(xian)(xian)方式(shi)(shi)變化不同(tong)(tong)，疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)又可派生出交叉(cha)式(shi)(shi)、同(tong)(tong)心交叉(cha)式(shi)(shi)以及單(dan)(dan)雙層(ceng)混(hun)合式(shi)(shi)等型式(shi)(shi)。目前，一般功率(lv)較大(da)的(de)三相異步電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)較多采用(yong)雙層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)；而小電(dian)機(ji)則(ze)多用(yong)單(dan)(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)中(zhong)的(de)派生型式(shi)(shi)，但極少采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)層(ceng)疊(die)(die)(die)(die)式(shi)(shi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)。

轉子繞組

       交(jiao)流異步電動機(ji)的轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)分鼠籠(long)型與(yu)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線型兩類(lei)。鼠籠(long)型結構較為簡(jian)單(dan)，一般由(you)(you)合金鋁澆注人轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)槽內并(bing)由(you)(you)兩端(duan)端(duan)環短接而成(cheng)；也有用銅條嵌入(ru)再焊(han)(han)上銅質(zhi)端(duan)環的。為了改善起動性能(neng)，鼠籠(long)型又可(ke)制成(cheng)深槽式及(ji)雙(shuang)鼠籠(long)等特殊(shu)型式。繞(rao)(rao)(rao)線型轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)相同，它(ta)除可(ke)用上述(shu)各(ge)式繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)外，還可(ke)用波形(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)。波形(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)是由(you)(you)單(dan)匝(za)或幾匝(za)的桿形(xing)(xing)單(dan)元線圈(quan)，嵌裝后由(you)(you)兩個元件在端(duan)部(bu)焊(han)(han)接成(cheng)一只線圈(quan)，并(bing)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)整(zheng)個繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)，其布(bu)接線原理與(yu)上述(shu)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)不(bu)同，但外形(xing)(xing)與(yu)雙(shuang)層疊繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)相似。波形(xing)(xing)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)常應(ying)用于大型的交(jiao)流電動機(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)及(ji)直流電動機(ji)的電樞繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組(zu)(zu)。

       定子繞組不同(tong)的接線(xian)形式(shi)可以形成不同(tong)的極性，電動機根據其(qi)極性關(guan)系，可分為顯極式(shi)與(yu)庶極式(shi)兩種類型。

1．顯極式繞組

      一(yi)臺具(ju)有四(si)個(ge)凸(tu)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動機定子(zi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)每只(zhi)線(xian)圈(quan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)磁極(ji)；而且(qie)相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩只(zhi)線(xian)圈(quan)所形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)性不同；在(zai)(zai)四(si)個(ge)凸(tu)極(ji)上就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了四(si)個(ge)磁極(ji)。所以，在(zai)(zai)顯極(ji)式(shi)繞(rao)組中，每組線(xian)圈(quan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)磁極(ji)，即繞(rao)組的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)圈(quan)組數與磁極(ji)數相(xiang)等(deng)。此外，為使(shi)相(xiang)鄰(lin)磁極(ji)能(neng)呈N、s極(ji)性成(cheng)(cheng)對存在(zai)(zai)，則必須使(shi)相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩組線(xian)圈(quan)里的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)流方向相(xiang)反。因此相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)組的(de)(de)(de)連接方式(shi)必須是(shi)反接串聯，也就(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)工術(shu)語(yu)稱之為“頭(tou)接頭(tou)”、“尾接尾”。

實際上，除直流(liu)電機及(ji)單(dan)相凸(tu)極(ji)式罩極(ji)電動機外，一般定子都(dou)沒有凸(tu)出的極(ji)掌(zhang)。本(ben)圖是為了較形象地說明問題而采用示意的畫法(fa)。

2．庶極式繞組

     圖(tu)2—2是一臺庶極(ji)(ji)(ji)式四極(ji)(ji)(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)定子的(de)(de)形(xing)象示意圖(tu)。由(you)圖(tu)可(ke)見，相鄰(lin)兩組(zu)(zu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)是相同(tong)的(de)(de)，都(dou)是s極(ji)(ji)(ji)，由(you)于同(tong)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)相斥的(de)(de)原(yuan)理，使(shi)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)形(xing)成的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場經(jing)相鄰(lin)凸(tu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)返回(hui)構成閉合磁(ci)(ci)(ci)路(lu)；從(cong)而使(shi)沒有線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)凸(tu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)產(chan)生異極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)N磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。所以，在庶極(ji)(ji)(ji)式繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)中，每個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)將(jiang)形(xing)成一對(dui)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，每相繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)數(shu)為磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)的(de)(de)一半。  

在庶極(ji)(ji)式(shi)繞組中(zhong)，因為每組線圈(quan)所(suo)產生的磁極(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)性都相(xiang)同(tong)，因而所(suo)有(you)線圈(quan)里的電流方向都相(xiang)同(tong)，即相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩個線圈(quan)組是順接(jie)串聯，如圖(b)所(suo)示。這(zhe)種接(jie)線方式(shi)便是電工(gong)俗稱(cheng)的“首(shou)尾相(xiang)接(jie)”，即“尾接(jie)頭”連接(jie)。

      電(dian)(dian)機繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)構成(cheng)一相(xiang)或(huo)整個電(dian)(dian)磁電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)合體(ti)；而線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)組(zu)(zu)則由(you)(you)一個或(huo)多個線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)順接串聯(lian)而成(cheng)。因此線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)動機繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)基本(ben)元件(jian)，也是(shi)(shi)以(yi)絕緣導(dao)線(xian)(圓形(xing)或(huo)矩形(xing)截面導(dao)線(xian))按(an)一定形(xing)狀繞(rao)制而成(cheng)。線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)一匝(za)，也可(ke)由(you)(you)數百(bai)上千(qian)匝(za)繞(rao)成(cheng)，其匝(za)數的(de)(de)多少主要取(qu)決(jue)于電(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)動機電(dian)(dian)磁部分的(de)(de)參數，并由(you)(you)計算確定。

      電動(dong)機線(xian)(xian)圈的形狀有(you)多種，但其基本結構由三部(bu)分組成，即嵌入鐵心(xin)(xin)槽內(nei)的直線(xian)(xian)部(bu)分稱有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)(bian)，而一(yi)只線(xian)(xian)圈有(you)兩個有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)(bian)，是(shi)(shi)產(chan)生電磁能(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換的有(you)效(xiao)部(bu)分；連(lian)(lian)接兩有(you)效(xiao)邊(bian)(bian)的部(bu)分，在線(xian)(xian)圈嵌裝后(hou)處于鐵心(xin)(xin)兩端(duan)槽外，稱線(xian)(xian)圈端(duan)部(bu)，它是(shi)(shi)線(xian)(xian)圈構成必不可少(shao)的部(bu)分，但不能(neng)作能(neng)量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換；引線(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)線(xian)(xian)圈繞(rao)制后(hou)的首、尾線(xian)(xian)頭，也是(shi)(shi)引接線(xian)(xian)圈電流(liu)的連(lian)(lian)接點。

      集中式繞(rao)(rao)組的(de)(de)繞(rao)(rao)制和(he)(he)嵌裝(zhuang)比較簡單，但效率較低，運行(xing)性能也差。目前的(de)(de)交流(liu)電動機定子絕(jue)大部分都是應用(yong)(yong)分布式繞(rao)(rao)組，根(gen)據不(bu)同機種、型號及(ji)線圈嵌繞(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)工藝(yi)條件(jian)，電動機各自(zi)設計(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)繞(rao)(rao)組型式和(he)(he)規(gui)格(ge)，故其繞(rao)(rao)組的(de)(de)技術參(can)數也不(bu)相(xiang)同。